| 贾朝爽,王志华.3个中熟苹果品种最佳采收期的确定[J].中国南方果树,2020,49(5): |
| 3个中熟苹果品种最佳采收期的确定 |
| Determination of The Best Harvest Time of Three Medium-Ripe Apples |
| 投稿时间：2020-05-16 修订日期：2020-06-10 |
| DOI： |
| 中文关键词: 采收期 中熟苹果 品质 相关性 |
| 英文关键词:Harvesting periods Medium-ripe apples Quality Correlation |
| 基金项目:基金项目：中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目（CAAS-ASTIP-2019-RIP）；农业部园艺种质作物利用重点实验室；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项（Y2017PT22） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 研究不同采收期对中熟苹果品质的影响,确定最佳采收期,为生产上适时采收苹果提供理论依据。以中熟品种‘乔纳金’、‘金冠’和‘华红’苹果为试验材料,测定果实成熟期间单果质量、果形指数、果心大小、硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物及糖酸含量等指标的变化,并对其指标进行相关性分析和综合性评价。随着果实不断成熟,各品种的单果质量、可溶性固形物均呈现增加的趋势；硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量不断降低,采收时期对果形指数和果心大小并无明显影响；‘乔纳金’、‘华红’在第三采收期总糖含量达到最高,总酸含量最低,而‘金冠’在第二采收期总糖含量达到最高,总酸含量最低。通过相关性分析发现,不同采收期与‘乔纳金’、‘金冠’、‘华红’果实的品质指标之间存在极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)相关性,表明随着采摘期的增加,果实品质发生一系列变化,但对不同品种果实品质的影响存在差异性,后期采摘苹果应按照品种特性,决定适宜采摘期。综合果实硬度、可溶性固形物、糖酸含量等指标,对其进行主成分分析从而确定‘乔纳金’、‘华红’苹果最佳采收期为9月30日左右,‘金冠’采收期为9月18~24日左右。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Abstract: 【Objective】 Due to the single variety of apple, the structure of apple varieties was constantly adjusted in China, which greatly increased the painting ratio of early and medium apple varieties. However, due to the high outside temperature during its harvest, it must be harvested in a timely manner. As the last part of apple cultivation and the first part of fruit commercialization, early or late harvest will greatly affect the fruit quality, fruit yield, flower bud development and apple quality in the next year, so it is very important to choose an appropriate harvest period. The effects of different harvesting periods on the quality of medium-ripe fruits were studied to determine the optimal harvesting period and the appropriate harvesting period of selected ripe varieties in Xingcheng area of Liaoning province, which aimed to provide a theoretical basis for timely harvesting of medium-ripe apples. 【Methods】The principal component analysis was a multivariate statistical method, which not only retained most of the information, but also had strong representative, to increase the credibility of the analysis. The principal components were independent of each other, avoiding the duplication of information. ‘Jonagold’, ‘Gold crown’ and ‘Hua Hong’ were typical medium-ripening apple varieties. Experimental materials were collected from Wujiazi village, Yuantaizi town, Suizhong county, Huludao City, Liaoning Province. During fruit ripening, indexes such as single fruit quality, fruit shape index, fruit core size, hardness, titratable acid content, vitamin C content, soluble solids, and sugar and acid content were measured, and correlation analysis and comprehensive evaluation of the indicators were performed. SPSS and Excel software were used for the statistical analysis. Before principal component analysis, the original data were transformed with Z-score normalization method. According to the variance contribution rate≥85%, the number of principal components was determined and the component score coefficient matrix was obtained. Using the characteristic values of the principal components of the three apple varieties in different harvesting periods as the total weight, weighted calculations can be made to obtain the function equation of the comprehensive value of different harvesting periods. The larger the comprehensive value, the better the apple quality.【Results】Fruit quality greatly affects the commercial value of fruit, which is mainly composed of external quality (single fruit quality, fruit shape index, fruit center size) and internal quality (hardness, solid ability, vitamin C, sugar and acid components).Sugar is mainly accumulated in the fruit, and gradually changes into other sugar or starch as the fruit matures. When the fruit is near maturity, the starch is converted into soluble sugar, which increases the soluble sugar content. The content of soluble solids in the fruits of the three varieties showed an increasing trend with the increase of harvest period. The soluble solids content of ‘Hua Hong’ increased the fastest, which was 9.8%, while that of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gold crown’ was 8.4% and 5.3%, respectively. The total sugar content of ‘Hua Hong’ reached the highest level in the second harvest period, increasing by 11.7%, while that of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Hua Hong’ reached the highest level in the third harvest period, increasing by 6.2% and 14.5% respectively. The acid content of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Hua Hong’ continued to decrease with the increase of harvest period, while the acid content of ‘Gold crown’ decreased first and then increased. The acid content of the three varieties decreased at different ranges, of which ‘Hua Hong’ had the highest decreasing range of 27.1%, while ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gold crown’ decreased by 15.7% and 12.4% respectively. Through correlation analysis, it was found that the single fruit quality, soluble solids and sucrose content of ‘Jonagold’ fruit were positively correlated with the single fruit quality and sucrose content of ‘Gold crown’ fruit and the single fruit quality, fruit shape index, soluble solids and total sugar content of ‘Hua Hong’ fruit at different harvesting periods (P<0.01). The titratable acid and vitamin C content of ‘Jonagold’ fruit, the hardness, quinine acid and citric acid content of ‘Gold crown’ fruit, and the titratable acid and quinine acid content of ‘Hua Hong’ fruit were significantly negatively correlated (P<0.01).It was positively correlated with the total sugar content of ‘Jonagold’ fruit, the soluble solids content of ‘Gold crown’ fruit and the core size of ‘Hua Hong’ fruit (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the content of quinine acid in the fruit of ‘Jonagold’, titratable acid, vitamin C and shikimic acid in the fruit of ‘Gold crown’, and the content of hardness, vitamin C, shikimic acid and fumaric acid in the fruit of ‘Hua Hong’ (P<0.05). Through the fruit each indicator principal component analysis, three ripe apple varieties in the best harvest time of dissimilarity, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Hua Hong’ optimal harvest time for the September 30, the ‘Gold crown’ optimal harvest time for the September 18, suggests that the fruits ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Hua Hong’ picking period of delay, the fruit better comprehensive quality. However, the comprehensive quality of ‘Gold crown’ fruit further declines with the delay of picking period, which may be related to its storage quality. Therefore, the best quality is obtained in the first picking period (September 18), and the final harvesting period of ‘Gold crown’ is determined to be around September 18 to 25 after comprehensive consideration of factors such as taste and flavor of ‘Gold crown’.【Conclusion】Through correlation analysis, although ‘Jonagold’, ‘Gold crown’ and ‘Hua Hong’ apples are both medium-ripe varieties, the relationship between fruit quality and picking time is different. Therefore, the determination of the best picking time should be determined by fruit quality index, so as to ensure the accuracy of picking time. Based on the indexes of fruit hardness, soluble solids and saccharic acid content, the principal component analysis was carried out to determine that the optimal harvesting period of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Hua Hong’ apples was around September 30, and the optimal harvesting period of ‘Gold crown’ apples was around September 18 to 24. |
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